These questions were prepared and sent to New Zealand political parties to answer before the election in October 2023. They included key questions for the sector.
DIGITAL INCLUSION
The New Zealand Libraries Partnership Project (NZLPP) enabled libraries to support their communities through COVID and to embed digital inclusion in their everyday activities. The NZLPP funding was a one-off and implemented without a plan to develop sustainable outcomes to enable libraries to continue supporting digital inclusion. Since then, more and more communities are seeking support from library staff to help them access front-line public services.
The implementation of the Strategy for a Digital Public Service is transforming public services to “operate in the digital world in a more modern and efficient way”. The strategy pushes more people towards libraries for help as they try to access public services without the skills and tools to navigate the digital world.
What would your party do to ensure that libraries can be an effective strategic partner for the government to enable digital equity and increase digital inclusion in their communities to support equitable access to public services and civic participation?
Green Party
National Party
ACT Party
Labour Party
The New Zealand Libraries Partnership Project (NZLPP) enabled libraries to support their communities through COVID and to embed digital inclusion in their everyday activities. The NZLPP funding was a one-off and implemented without a plan to develop sustainable outcomes to enable libraries to continue supporting digital inclusion. Since then, more and more communities are seeking support from library staff to help them access front-line public services.
The implementation of the Strategy for a Digital Public Service is transforming public services to “operate in the digital world in a more modern and efficient way”. The strategy pushes more people towards libraries for help as they try to access public services without the skills and tools to navigate the digital world.
What would your party do to ensure that libraries can be an effective strategic partner for the government to enable digital equity and increase digital inclusion in their communities to support equitable access to public services and civic participation?
Green Party
- The following actions by local government form part of our Green Party Local Government policy in areas where internet poverty or the digital divide is a significant issue:
- Offer free, convenient public internet access, such as in public libraries, community centres, and through neighbourhood wi-fi hotspots.
- Resource community organisations, including marae, to support residents to engage with digital processes.
- Ensure processes function equally well for people without the ability to engage with digital services.
- Remove other barriers to digital participation.
National Party
- Libraries serve as a vital hub for community digital equity efforts. From access to free Wi-Fi and computers to many also offering basic programming suites that may be out of the reach of lower-income New Zealanders the role of the library to foster digital education and opportunities for learning is important. National will continue to build on these important roles for libraries nationwide as we develop our digital inclusion policies focusing around furthering the zero-rating of public websites, greater access to connectivity and support community-led initiatives for advancing digital literacy so no one is left behind.
ACT Party
- ACT believe libraries are local public infrastructure, governed and funded by local government. ACT will amend the Local Government Act to ensure that councils are focused on their core roles of public infrastructure.
Labour Party
- Labour agrees the primary work of modern libraries and archives is increasingly digital – whether in the form of digitising paper documents to build a stable, digital collection, or supporting people’s access to information through primary channels funded by central Government, like the National Library and Archives websites.
- Te Puna Services for example, a national web-based search and inter-library loan service, gives free public access to the combined catalogue of New Zealand libraries and to worldwide libraries.
- This year Labour’s Internal Affairs Minister Barbara Edmonds approved an extra $1.6 million to secure digital storage capacity for projected increased collection growth in 2024/25 (forecast increase of 2.24 petabytes) and maintaining core digital services through the operation of the National Library and Archives NZ online platforms. That support will continue.
EQUITABLE FUNDING ACROSS REGIONS, LIBRARY SECTORS, LOCAL AND CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
Equity of access to library and information support is not assured for all Aotearoa New Zealand citizens.
An inequity exists between areas with large and well-funded local government funding through rates, and therefore have well-resourced libraries, and those rural areas that don't. There is also inequitable access to library and information resources in under-resourced areas such as prison and school libraries.
In our submission to the Future for Local Government Review 2023, LIANZA made a strong case for central government funding to support public libraries where they are delivering national benefits, for example in relation to digital equity and inclusion, civic participation, literacy, learning, social wellbeing and care of cultural and documentary heritage. LIANZA stated that the current model is not sustainable and not fair on ratepayers.
How would your party address these inequities? Please explain whether your party would support the funding of library and information services from a national fund?
Green Party
No answer from National Party
ACT Party
Labour Party
Equity of access to library and information support is not assured for all Aotearoa New Zealand citizens.
An inequity exists between areas with large and well-funded local government funding through rates, and therefore have well-resourced libraries, and those rural areas that don't. There is also inequitable access to library and information resources in under-resourced areas such as prison and school libraries.
In our submission to the Future for Local Government Review 2023, LIANZA made a strong case for central government funding to support public libraries where they are delivering national benefits, for example in relation to digital equity and inclusion, civic participation, literacy, learning, social wellbeing and care of cultural and documentary heritage. LIANZA stated that the current model is not sustainable and not fair on ratepayers.
How would your party address these inequities? Please explain whether your party would support the funding of library and information services from a national fund?
Green Party
- We are open to this. The Green Party supports the allocation of a set share of central government revenue to local government as well as the provision of a framework for local government expenditure that includes projections for necessary investment in services such as libraries.
No answer from National Party
ACT Party
- ACT has no policy for a national fund for libraries.
Labour Party
- Labour believes our centrally supported library and archives institutions are the bedrock of our national networks.
- Labour supports a properly-resourced public service library and education system. We are deeply concerned at the potential for cuts to back-office staff like library and information services specialists, from the sweeping 6.5% cuts proposed by National to pay for its tax cuts. It is not an over-statement to suggest the future of our libraries is at stake this election.
- The National Library has around 334 FTE staff and an operating budget of $46.5 million. It has sites in Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch. Archives NZ has around 145 FTE staff and an operating budget of $14.536 million. There are offices and repositories in Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin.
- Under Labour, the National Library also made a submission into the Review into the Future for Local Government and highlighted the important role that the Library – and libraries – can play as a linking point between the work of central and local government. Central and local government need to work together to continue support and consistent funding for libraries as treasured community assets. Local councils can also build on the nationwide networks that are already in place through libraries to support communities, such as Internet access and computer equipment.
DIGITAL EQUITY AND THE ROLE OF LIBRARIES
Supporting digital equity has become everyday work for library and information services. What we learned from COVID times was that people struggled to get the information they needed. This was especially so for rural communities, students, older people, Māori and Pacific peoples. Having systems such as the APNK Network available was one way to ensure isolated people had digital access and could access the information they needed.
What is your party's position on requiring the government to fully fund the APNK Network in Aotearoa libraries to address digital equity issues?
Green Party
National Party
ACT has no policy on this.
Labour Party
Supporting digital equity has become everyday work for library and information services. What we learned from COVID times was that people struggled to get the information they needed. This was especially so for rural communities, students, older people, Māori and Pacific peoples. Having systems such as the APNK Network available was one way to ensure isolated people had digital access and could access the information they needed.
What is your party's position on requiring the government to fully fund the APNK Network in Aotearoa libraries to address digital equity issues?
Green Party
- The Green Party strongly supports actions to establish secure, publicly accessible digital services in areas with a significant digital divide, such as public libraries, including free wireless internet access. Central government should be providing funding to services such as APNK that provide a national benefit and address the inequality of the digital divide.
National Party
- The APNK model operates on a cost-sharing model between the National Library alongside local councils with the programme up for review in 2025. It is important that digital equity schemes can be community led and, in the case of APNK, Councils processes could determine better how to reach their communities with best value for money as well as noting the wider accessibility options that may be available in each part of our country.
ACT has no policy on this.
Labour Party
- Labour agrees the Aotearoa People’s Network Kaharoa needs central government support in addition to resources at a local level. It enables 55 councils to provide free internet to communities.
- The APNK Network is a significant contributor to digital inclusion. It provides more than 1,100 free public devices, and access to the internet that supports more than 7,000 users daily.
- The future of the APNK Network has been secured with a decision this year by Labour Internal Affairs Minister Barbara Edmonds to allocate $1.2 million for 2023/24 to continue the APNK at current service levels without significant increases in fees for local councils.
FREEDOM OF INFORMATION
Internationally, libraries are seeing challenges with requests to remove certain books from their collections.
In Aotearoa New Zealand, citizens hold various viewpoints and interests. While adhering to the appropriate legal parameters, libraries avoid censoring and promote non-discrimination. Libraries support people’s right to freedom of information. They will not remove books from their collections simply because the book offends one section of the community if it meets a library's review process.
What is your party's stance on ‘freedom of information’ to ensure libraries have an inclusive collection that represents the diversity of their communities?
The Green Party
National Party
ACT Party
Labour Party
Internationally, libraries are seeing challenges with requests to remove certain books from their collections.
In Aotearoa New Zealand, citizens hold various viewpoints and interests. While adhering to the appropriate legal parameters, libraries avoid censoring and promote non-discrimination. Libraries support people’s right to freedom of information. They will not remove books from their collections simply because the book offends one section of the community if it meets a library's review process.
What is your party's stance on ‘freedom of information’ to ensure libraries have an inclusive collection that represents the diversity of their communities?
The Green Party
- The Green Party supports libraries ensuring that there is no arbitrary censorship in their collections. We support people’s right to freedom of information, and the need for libraries to reflect the diversity of the communities they serve.
National Party
- National believes in the freedom of expression and right to information. We have rigid processes in New Zealand for determining harmful and illegal content through the mechanisms of the Office of Film and Literature Classification, alongside other media sector reviewers such as the New Zealand Media Council and the Broadcasting Standards Authority. We encourage people to participate in the Safer Online Services consultation process which you can do here (https://www.dia.govt.nz/safer-online-services-media-platforms-consultation)
ACT Party
- ACT’s commitment to freedom of speech is absolute. ACT applaud the statement that libraries “will not remove books from their collections simply because the book offends one section of the community”. It is for local libraries to have collections that reflect the demands of their communities.
Labour Party
- Labour recognises the important role that libraries play in ensuring access to robust and accessible information for all communities. It is important that libraries also cater to their own communities to ensure effective representation and engagement.
COMBATING MISINFORMATION AND THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF AI
Critical thinking is a key skill in media and information literacy, and a mission of libraries is to educate and advocate its importance. Discussions about fake news and scamming stemming from the mainstream application of AI in this space, along with the increased usage of tools such as Chat GPT, have led to a new focus on information literacy more broadly. Hence the role of libraries and other educational institutions in addressing this area has increased.
What support does your party see is necessary in this area and how can they support libraries and educational institutions working to combat misinformation and the negative effects of AI?
The Green Party
National Party
ACT has no policies in this area.
Labour Party
Critical thinking is a key skill in media and information literacy, and a mission of libraries is to educate and advocate its importance. Discussions about fake news and scamming stemming from the mainstream application of AI in this space, along with the increased usage of tools such as Chat GPT, have led to a new focus on information literacy more broadly. Hence the role of libraries and other educational institutions in addressing this area has increased.
What support does your party see is necessary in this area and how can they support libraries and educational institutions working to combat misinformation and the negative effects of AI?
The Green Party
- While technology can offer processes and insights that can help address challenging problems, it is also true that new and developing technologies present risks of abuse and unintended consequences to people, society and ecosystems. The Green Party will be focused on ensuring appropriate regulation is in place for how it is used, including transparency requirements.
- We are concerned about the potential disruptive effect that AI tools could have on our democracy but at the same time, there is potential in tools like ChatGPT to combat fake news as well.
- Libraries are a key trusted destination for the public and should be supported by central and local government, including with funding and to help build information literacy.
National Party
- The best way to combat misinformation is with access to more information. Encouraging communities to learn, to read and to debate is how we grow an informed society, Libraries should be spaces where those discussions and learning opportunities can take place, even if they are addressing tough and divisive conversations as it is through such conversations better understanding is able to be achieved. National encourages New Zealanders to read the findings of the Cross Party Parliamentary Briefing into Mis-Dis and Mal Information.
ACT has no policies in this area.
Labour Party
- AI is a massive opportunity for New Zealand, but as with all tools it should be managed responsibly. It’s important that settings are developed that are proportionate to the risk. Recently Government system leaders produced guidance on Generative AI for the public service to help deal with issues around privacy and sensitive or personal information.
- One of the ways we can battle misinformation is by properly resourcing our educational institutions and libraries. Our investments in education, commitment to Te Puna services and funding for the APNK network demonstrate our record in enabling accessible high-quality information for our communities.
DIGITISATION OF LOCAL KNOWLEDGE
Libraries play a role in collecting the stories for future generations. Collecting, preserving and providing access to the documentary heritage of their local communities, especially with the new Aotearoa New Zealand Histories Curriculum in schools.
Libraries also house important taonga and partner with iwi Māori to tell their stories. They have a responsibility to partner and build relationships with Māori as kaitiaki to lead decisions on access, care, digitisation and ownership of taonga within library collections.
Digital preservation of heritage information and making it available in digital form is expensive and lack of funding, resources and time are challenges facing libraries.
What will your party do to enable more libraries to digitise the documentary heritage of their local communities?
The Green Party
National Party
ACT Party
Labour Party
Libraries play a role in collecting the stories for future generations. Collecting, preserving and providing access to the documentary heritage of their local communities, especially with the new Aotearoa New Zealand Histories Curriculum in schools.
Libraries also house important taonga and partner with iwi Māori to tell their stories. They have a responsibility to partner and build relationships with Māori as kaitiaki to lead decisions on access, care, digitisation and ownership of taonga within library collections.
Digital preservation of heritage information and making it available in digital form is expensive and lack of funding, resources and time are challenges facing libraries.
What will your party do to enable more libraries to digitise the documentary heritage of their local communities?
The Green Party
- The Green Party recognises that the arts and cultural heritage have an inherent value to our communities. We will ensure there are resources are available so that documentation, heritage collections that are important historically and culturally can be digitised.
National Party
- The role of organisations like the Knowledge Bank in the Hawke’s Bay and the Mt Albert Historical Society, for instance, complemented by community library services, has ensured many parts of our country have been able to learn more about their forebears and the places we live in. National will continue to encourage communities to work with Archives NZ, the National Library and their local Council and private-led initiatives so that more New Zealanders can learn where they have come from. We also note long-term considerations that may encumber the preservation and accessibility of heritage information such as the Privacy Act, data sovereignty as well as limitations on ability to preserve are all important considerations to be addressed in the coming years.
ACT Party
- As above, ACT wants to empower local communities, with a focus on the provision of local public infrastructure.
Labour Party
- During 2020, as a response to COVID, the Labour-led government stepped in with a $60 million package of support over multiple years to support the work of libraries and to protect jobs across the country.
- This programme saw around 170 library staff receive new training over a two-year period, and that investment in people will continue to pay off in areas like digitisation in communities around Aotearoa New Zealand.
- The initiative was known as the New Zealand Libraries Partnership Programme and analysis has found that as well as immediate benefits it continues to have positive outcomes for a longer-term period of up to 10 years, through improved partnerships, broader skills, and greater capabilities in our regional libraries.
- More recently, a Field Conservator from the Alexander Turnbull Library responded to flood-affected areas with advice about caring for flood-damaged photos and documents. A Māori Adviser on Digitisation from the National Library went to Hawke’s Bay to assist four marae in Ngāti Kahungunu with cleanup and recovery efforts. The National Library’s Services to Schools also worked with the Ministry of Education to support schools in flood-affected areas.
- The centrally-led digitisation programmes, through National Library and Archives NZ, will also support the work of local communities.
EQUITABLE ACCESS TO SCHOOL LIBRARIES
There is no requirement or specialised funding for schools in Aotearoa New Zealand to provide library spaces, services or staff. This means most students don’t have access to a school library run by a school librarian, even though only 64.6 percent of 15-year-olds in Aotearoa New Zealand have basic proficiency in reading and maths (UNICEF, 2020), and “reading for pleasure is the single biggest indicator of a child’s future success, more than family circumstances, parents’ educational background or income” (OECD, 2002).
A survey of all Aotearoa New Zealand schools highlighted that a library is essential for promoting and supporting reading for pleasure, achieving literacy standards, strengthening inquiry learning and teaching and enhancing students’ social and emotional learning and well-being (National Library of New Zealand, n.d.).
What will your party do to address the inequitable access of Aotearoa New Zealand primary and secondary students to a school library staffed by a qualified librarian?
The Green Party
No answer from National Party
ACT Party
Labour Party
There is no requirement or specialised funding for schools in Aotearoa New Zealand to provide library spaces, services or staff. This means most students don’t have access to a school library run by a school librarian, even though only 64.6 percent of 15-year-olds in Aotearoa New Zealand have basic proficiency in reading and maths (UNICEF, 2020), and “reading for pleasure is the single biggest indicator of a child’s future success, more than family circumstances, parents’ educational background or income” (OECD, 2002).
A survey of all Aotearoa New Zealand schools highlighted that a library is essential for promoting and supporting reading for pleasure, achieving literacy standards, strengthening inquiry learning and teaching and enhancing students’ social and emotional learning and well-being (National Library of New Zealand, n.d.).
What will your party do to address the inequitable access of Aotearoa New Zealand primary and secondary students to a school library staffed by a qualified librarian?
The Green Party
- Libraries are a crucial part of school communities and foster curiosity and ideas in the minds of Aotearoa’s future generations. The Green Party is committed to ensuring Aotearoa’s schools, both primary and secondary, have access to a school library staffed by a qualified librarian. We support adequate and targeted funding so primary and secondary students have access to library services.
No answer from National Party
ACT Party
- ACT shares the horror at collapsing literacy standards in New Zealand. ACT’s solution is to have equity-based funding per student to attend the schools they and their parents want. It should be for individual schools and their boards to make decisions on what is best for their school.
Labour Party
- We recognise the important work of school librarians and library assistants and that is why as a Government we agreed to a historic pay equity settlement signed in March this year.
- For school librarians and library assistants, the new pay equity rates will see them receive average pay increases of approximately 10 to 38 percent.
- Perhaps even more important is the message this settlement sends when you look beyond pay, as it raises the mana of these roles.
- Despite the benefits of school libraries and librarians, it is important that schools have the flexibility to decide the best use of their resources, to respond to their particular needs, community aspirations and circumstances. These vary greatly.
- This variability of needs and priorities is why boards have discretion over how they use their operational funding, the people they employ, and the mix of teaching, library and non-teaching spaces.
- All schools receive resourcing, including for buildings, that can be used to provide a library space, and Ministry of Education data shows most schools have some kind of library or library collection. But mandating the use of space for a library would be a significant departure from how the system currently works.
- Consistency of resources is not necessarily as important as having the right resources for each school, to best support students to be present, participating and making progress. For example, a very small school may be better to partner with a community library than incur the significant fixed costs associated with having its own library.
- With a big increase in equity funding this year, and better targeting of that funding, there may well be schools that are now able to invest more in their libraries in ways that help overcome socio-economic barriers to participation and achievement.
OPEN ACCESS TO RESEARCH
New Zealanders deserve access to publicly funded research and our researchers require access to international research. However, most research information is hidden behind international paywalls. This limits access to information and innovation that underpins our economy. Students, researchers and the general public require access to this content and access is their right, as citizens and taxpayers, for purposes of education, historical research, development of government policies, for innovation in science and technology (Greer & Morris, 2019).
What will your party do to support a move to “open access” publishing for publicly funded research?
The Green Party
National Party
ACT Party
Labour Party
New Zealanders deserve access to publicly funded research and our researchers require access to international research. However, most research information is hidden behind international paywalls. This limits access to information and innovation that underpins our economy. Students, researchers and the general public require access to this content and access is their right, as citizens and taxpayers, for purposes of education, historical research, development of government policies, for innovation in science and technology (Greer & Morris, 2019).
What will your party do to support a move to “open access” publishing for publicly funded research?
The Green Party
- We are committed to open data and data sharing and have all the results of publicly funded research published and held in the public domain, with proceeds from patents, licensing, etc. being reinvested in the funding pool.
National Party
- Yes, and greater collaboration on this issue should be undertaken by universities and other Academic institutions across New Zealand. It is important to note that ‘open access’ can lead to significant concerns around Privacy of information and data sovereignty as well as commercial sensitivities.
ACT Party
- For public good research, yes. Not for commercial or industry research, which is likely to be commercially sensitive and have IP protection.
Labour Party
- As part of our work to build a future-focused research system, we're making research more accessible for everyone with a new open research policy. The policy requires all publications from new research projects funded by the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment to be made free to access online for everyone.
- Open access requirements are increasingly becoming the norm internationally and open access research increases its impact by enabling more people to access scientific information and engage with research. This will increase the innovation potential of our research and maximises the return on public investments in science.
REVIEW OF THE COPYRIGHT ACT
Aotearoa New Zealand is facing a review of the Copyright Act with profound implications for libraries, access to knowledge, and the creative economy. The global pandemic and climate change have pushed libraries to increasingly operate in and occupy the digital space. The Copyright Act 1994 has not been reviewed for thirty years and apart from minor tinkering, does not recognise the virtual library or users accessing resources online. Without meaningful and consistent input into the review process, there is every chance that the legislative changes could severely disadvantage libraries.
LIANZA want to see a review of the Copyright Act soon.
What is your party's position on ensuring the Copyright Act 1994 is reviewed? How will you ensure the library and information sector voice is included in that review?
The Green Party
The National Party
ACT has no policies on the Copyright Act.
Labour Party
Aotearoa New Zealand is facing a review of the Copyright Act with profound implications for libraries, access to knowledge, and the creative economy. The global pandemic and climate change have pushed libraries to increasingly operate in and occupy the digital space. The Copyright Act 1994 has not been reviewed for thirty years and apart from minor tinkering, does not recognise the virtual library or users accessing resources online. Without meaningful and consistent input into the review process, there is every chance that the legislative changes could severely disadvantage libraries.
LIANZA want to see a review of the Copyright Act soon.
What is your party's position on ensuring the Copyright Act 1994 is reviewed? How will you ensure the library and information sector voice is included in that review?
The Green Party
- Given how much has changed since the Copyright Act 1994 was passed, there needs to be a significant review. It is really important that the library and information sector are treated as a key stakeholder in this review, this means early engagement as well as substantive discussion on what any proposed changes mean in practice for libraries.
- It is Green Party policy to develop copyright law that applies to digital works, is responsive to the realities of digitalisation, upholds the tino rangatiratanga of tangata whenua over Māori intellectual property, and holds the public interest in information flow in mind.
The National Party
- We note there have been significant concerns in recent years surrounding the copyright of digital works and how operations such as the Internet Archive and other ‘site-scraping’ initiatives internationally may negatively and/or positively impact New Zealand data. When we return to Government, we will ensure that all appropriate voices have been heard before wider engagement.
ACT has no policies on the Copyright Act.
Labour Party
- Labour’s Commerce and Consumer Affairs spokesperson Duncan Webb has recently engaged with the library and information services sector on this point and that engagement will continue.
- During our time in government we’ve made a number of amendments to ensure the Copyright Act is fit for purpose. We also launched a review which was completed in 2019.
- We recognise that the world is constantly evolving, and that laws need to be updated to be fit for the issues of today. We are open to a further review of the Copyright Act if there is evidence that it is failing to meet this objective.
REFERENCES
Greer, J., & Morris, M. (2019). The People’s Report on the 2030 Agenda and Sustainable Development Goals: An alternate report for Aotearoa New Zealand. https://www.sdg.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Final_PeopleReport-2019-Dec-2019_for-web.pdf
Hartnett, M. (2020, January 26). Libraries as spaces for digital inclusion – an update. Equity Through Education. https://www.equitythrougheducation.nz/latest-news/2020/1/26/libraries-as-spaces-for-digital-inclusion-an-update
National Library of New Zealand. (n.d.). Importance of the school library in learning – the research. https://natlib.govt.nz/schools/school-libraries/understanding-school-libraries/importance-of-the-school-library-in-learning-the-research#nzresearch
UNICEF Innocenti. (2020). Worlds of influence: Understanding what shapes child well-being in rich countries (Innocenti Report Card 16). UNICEF Office of Research. https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/Report-Card-16-Worlds-of-Influence-child-wellbeing.pdf
Greer, J., & Morris, M. (2019). The People’s Report on the 2030 Agenda and Sustainable Development Goals: An alternate report for Aotearoa New Zealand. https://www.sdg.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Final_PeopleReport-2019-Dec-2019_for-web.pdf
Hartnett, M. (2020, January 26). Libraries as spaces for digital inclusion – an update. Equity Through Education. https://www.equitythrougheducation.nz/latest-news/2020/1/26/libraries-as-spaces-for-digital-inclusion-an-update
National Library of New Zealand. (n.d.). Importance of the school library in learning – the research. https://natlib.govt.nz/schools/school-libraries/understanding-school-libraries/importance-of-the-school-library-in-learning-the-research#nzresearch
UNICEF Innocenti. (2020). Worlds of influence: Understanding what shapes child well-being in rich countries (Innocenti Report Card 16). UNICEF Office of Research. https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/Report-Card-16-Worlds-of-Influence-child-wellbeing.pdf
RSS Feed